A 0 . 6 Million Year Pollen Record from the Colombian Andes

In the basin of Bogotá, located in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, continuous subsidence has been in equilibrium with sediment accumulation since the late Pliocene (1,5). This has resulted in a very thick sequence of lake sediments rich in fossil pollen (3). At site Funza (4°50’N, 75°12’W) deep bore holes were drilled by the Colombian Geological Survey (Ingeominas). The 357 m long core Funza-I represents the last 1.4 million years (Ma), and the 586 m long core Funza-II the last 3.2 Ma. Here we show the pollen record of the upper 140 m of Funza-I core sediments. The originally published time frame of Funza-I (4,5) was revised on the basis of absolute datings of core Funza-II (1). The former lake of Bogotá drained around 25 kyr BP and the present-day high plain at 2550 m altitude in the eastern Cordillera of Colombia represents the fl oor of this former lake. The Colombian Andes show a clear altitudinal zonation of the vegetation: lowland forest from 0 to 1000 m, subandean forest (lower montane forest) from 1000 to 2300 m, and Andean forest (upper montane forest) from 2300 to 3200 m. Above the upper forest line, usually around 3200 m and corresponding to the 9.5°C annual isotherm, subparamo occurs from 3200 to 3500 m, grassparamo from 3500 to 4200 m, and superparamo from 4200 m to the perennial snow belt at 4800 m. Each of these vegetation belts is characterized by presence or dominance of a suite of taxa. On the basis of the relative contribution of different vegetation belts to the total pollen spectrum, the altitudinal position of the upper forest line can be estimated. Using a lapse rate of 6°C temperature change for every 1000 m displacement of the upper forest line, the paleotemperature for each period can be calculated. In the tropical mountains this is a relatively reliable method as shifts of vegetation belts occur altitudinally over a short range of maximally 1500 m. Today the high plain lies in the Andean forest belt, 700 m below the upper forest line, but during colder episodes of the Quaternary, subparamo and even grassparamo surrounded the lake (4). As the altitude of the former lake is halfway between the maximum altitudinal position of the upper forest line (3400 m, during the warmest interglacial) and its lowest position (1900 m, during the coldest Pleistocene glacial), the lake sediments provide a sensitive record of climatic change during the entire Quaternary (6). Time control is based on a visual match with core Funza-II from the same location, that includes absolute fi ssiontrack ages, and a match with the δ18O record of ODP Site 677 (1). In a recent study 73 fossil taxa, present in >4% of the 409 pollen assemblages were analysed with TWINSPAN (7, 8). We recognized 10 cluster types that form 3 main cluster zones: W (warm), CW (cool), and C (cold). Pollen zones based on previous visual inspection were compared with new cluster types which were graphed as a bar code along the pollen diagram. The use of two pollen sums (standard pollen sum, and a zonal pollen sum) was useful in identifying local effects on the forest composition. During the period from 650–330 kyr BP Alnus, Hedyosmum, Weinmannia, Melastomataceae, Myrica, and Podocarpus were the most important taxa of the Andean forest. The time frame published in 1993 (1) indicates that the fi rst scattered presence of Quercus started around 478 kyr BP (102 m core depth), the fi rst continuous presence began in 423 kyr BP (92 m), and the presence of zonal Quercus forest around 330 kyr BP (72 m). During the period from 330–135 kyr BP zonal Quercus and Weinmannia forest developed, replacing partly Podocarpus-dominated forest in the uppermost Andean forest belt. As a consequence, during the last 135 kyr BP high representation of Quercus on the high plain of Bogotá no longer coincides with warm climatic conditions, but now occurs during cool to cold conditions (7). The pollen record was correlated with the δ18O record and the temperature drop during OIS 4 and and the very fi rst part of OIS 2 is calculated as minimally 6.6° to 7.8°C. The inferred amplitude of the upper forest line during the last 650 kyr was maximally from ca. 1900 to 3400 m corresponding to a range of ca. +1.2°C to –7.8°C compared to today. Effects of low glacial pCO2 on the altitudinal vegetation distribution are not fully understood at this moment and, as a consequence, not accounted for in the temperature estimates (2). HENRY HOOGHIEMSTRA & RON VAN ‘T VEER University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands hooghiemstra@bio.uva.nl


SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS
In the basin of Bogotá, located in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, continuous subsidence has been in equilibrium with sediment accumulation since the late Pliocene (1,5). This has resulted in a very thick sequence of lake sediments rich in fossil pollen (3). At site Funza (4°50'N, 75°12'W) deep bore holes were drilled by the Colombian Geological Survey (Ingeominas). The 357 m long core Funza-I represents the last 1.4 million years (Ma), and the 586 m long core Funza-II the last 3.2 Ma. Here we show the pollen record of the upper 140 m of Funza-I core sediments. The originally published time frame of Funza-I (4,5) was revised on the basis of absolute datings of core Funza-II (1). The former lake of Bogotá drained around 25 kyr BP and the present-day high plain at 2550 m altitude in the eastern Cordillera of Colombia represents the fl oor of this former lake.
The Colombian Andes show a clear altitudinal zonation of the vegetation: lowland forest from 0 to 1000 m, subandean forest (lower montane forest) from 1000 to 2300 m, and Andean forest (upper montane forest) from 2300 to 3200 m. Above the upper forest line, usually around 3200 m and corresponding to the 9.5°C annual isotherm, subparamo occurs from 3200 to 3500 m, grassparamo from 3500 to 4200 m, and superparamo from 4200 m to the perennial snow belt at 4800 m. Each of these vegetation belts is characterized by presence or dominance of a suite of taxa. On the basis of the relative contribution of different vegetation belts to the total pollen spectrum, the altitudinal position of the upper forest line can be estimated. Using a lapse rate of 6°C temperature change for every 1000 m displacement of the upper forest line, the paleotemperature for each period can be calculated. In the tropical mountains this is a relatively reliable method as shifts of vegetation belts occur altitudinally over a short range of maximally 1500 m.
Today the high plain lies in the Andean forest belt, 700 m below the upper forest line, but during colder episodes of the Quaternary, subparamo and even grassparamo surrounded the lake (4). As the altitude of the former lake is halfway between the maximum altitudinal position of the upper forest line (3400 m, during the warmest interglacial) and its lowest position (1900 m, during the coldest Pleistocene glacial), the lake sediments provide a sensitive record of climatic change during the entire Quaternary (6).
Time control is based on a visual match with core Funza-II from the same location, that includes absolute fi ssiontrack ages, and a match with the δ 18 O record of ODP Site 677 (1). In a recent study 73 fossil taxa, present in >4% of the 409 pollen assemblages were analysed with TWINSPAN (7,8). We recognized 10 cluster types that form 3 main cluster zones: W (warm), CW (cool), and C (cold). Pollen zones based on previous visual inspection were compared with new cluster types which were graphed as a bar code along the pollen diagram. The use of two pollen sums (standard pollen sum, and a zonal pollen sum) was useful in identifying local effects on the forest composition.
During the period from 650-330 kyr BP Alnus, Hedyosmum, Weinmannia, Melastomataceae, Myrica, and Podocarpus were the most important taxa of the Andean forest. The time frame published in 1993 (1) indicates that the fi rst scattered presence of Quercus started around 478 kyr BP (102 m core depth), the fi rst continuous presence began in 423 kyr BP (92 m), and the presence of zonal Quercus forest around 330 kyr BP (72 m). During the period from 330-135 kyr BP zonal Quercus and Weinmannia forest developed, replacing partly Podocarpus-dominated forest in the uppermost Andean forest belt. As a consequence, during the last 135 kyr BP high representation of Quercus on the high plain of Bogotá no longer coincides with warm climatic conditions, but now occurs during cool to cold conditions (7). The pollen record was correlated with the δ 18 O record and the temperature drop during OIS 4 and and the very fi rst part of OIS 2 is calculated as minimally 6.6° to 7.8°C. The inferred amplitude of the upper forest line during the last 650 kyr was maximally from ca. 1900 to 3400 m corresponding to a range of ca. +1.2°C to -7.8°C compared to today. Effects of low glacial pCO 2 on the altitudinal vegetation distribution are not fully understood at this moment and, as a consequence, not accounted for in the temperature estimates (2).

HENRY HOOGHIEMSTRA & RON VAN 'T VEER
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands hooghiemstra@bio.uva.nl